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At the end of the third year of his presidency, Emmanuel Macron gave his long-awaited policy speech on national security and prevention. It has been long overdue: many expect France to increase its nuclear arsenal in recent years, including the creation of an EU Nuclear Force. Did the President fulfill these expectations? Yes and no.
French Nuclear Arsenal
Since that trip, Macron has been eager to play up the historical importance of his speech of February 7. The eighth president of the Fifth Republic noted that the last head of state to visit the École de Guerre in Paris is It was Charles de Gaulle himself, who gave his famous speech about the creation of the Force de frappe, or French Strategic Nuclear Forces (SNF). ), here on November 3, 1959.
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The first resident of the Élysée Palace, François Hollande, gave his speech on nuclear deterrence at the Istres-Le Tubé Air Base on February 19, 2015, where one of the two nuclear forces of the French Air Force what was standing at that time. Leader Macron gave a speech that resembled France's nuclear policy, reminding his fellow citizens that the world is still full of threats and that, despite the commitment to nuclear weapons (by one day, like other governments), it was important to "maintain nuclear power." dry powder." The President reiterated the promise not to use nuclear weapons against those countries that have signed and respect the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
It is important to know that the topic of nuclear weapons has deep feelings for European politicians. Therefore, any steps on this path will be taken only with great care and the hope that with each step their "big brother" will step in to help. And who knows? Maybe America will come to its senses once a new president takes office. The negative attitude of European citizens towards nuclear weapons cannot be ignored either; however, if the European project is able to survive the current misfortune and if its leaders are willing to take an independent role in world politics down the line, then they can decide to establish a nuclear defense of the covenant.
If so, decades from now Macron's 2020 speech will be spoken in the same way that Charles de Gaulle did. Or, at least, that's what he would like.
Since the trip, Macron has been eager to play up the historical importance of his speech of February 7. The eighth president of the Fifth Republic noted that the last head of state to visit
Status Of World Nuclear Forces
According to conservative estimates, the world's third largest nuclear arsenal after Russia and the United States, with about 300 warheads.
According to Hollande, France's nuclear forces contribute to the security of all sides of Europe, but they remain 'independent': Paris will not be part of the NATO Nuclear Program Group or I am a participant in sharing. of NATO Nuclear. [1]. Despite European unity and the special nuclear partnership France enjoys with Britain, Hollande insisted, "our [France's] deterrence is ours; we decide, we evaluate our interests important." It was France's unique approach to security policy, and the independence of its nuclear power, which was partly to blame for the conflict between the United States and NATO during the presidency of de Gaulle and that half a century later it was forced to become special. conditions for inclusion in the Treaty of Lisbon [2].
It was France's unique approach to defense policy, and nuclear independence in particular, that caused friction between the United States and NATO during de Gaulle's presidency.
But the Euro-optimists, who aspire to make the European Union a nuclear power, have not been happy with the Lisbon Treaty for some time now. For example, in 2016, prominent member of the Bundestag and expert on international politics Roderich Kiesewetter of the ruling Christian Democratic Union party proposed to use the common European military budget to strengthen the nuclear forces of Britain and France and ensuring continental nuclear deterrence. without the United Nations. In the United States, the proposal was supported on the eastern border of the European Union by Jarosław Kaczyński. This sentiment was further strengthened by the outbreak of conflict in Ukraine and the election of Donald Trump, who has long been suspicious of NATO. Brexit really plays into the hands of those who want a strong nuclear umbrella in Europe, as the UK has been used as an important tool of US and NATO European Union policies, which opposes attempts to build 'isolation'. non-Atlantic area. security. institution. This is what the French Commander-in-Chief advocated, albeit cautiously, in his 2020 speech.
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What does France offer to Europe? According to conservative estimates, the third largest nuclear weapons in the world after Russia and the United States, no less, and about 300 warheads (the exact number is not known: Hollande he spoke of 300 in 2015, while Macron said "less than 300". five years later). This number is primitive because the numbers given for China vary greatly depending on personal preference and the level of Sinophobia of whoever is estimating. We should note that in 2019 it is respected
It said that China's nuclear arsenal included "about 290 warheads." It does not take a pack of tarot cards to reveal that France and China are in the second group of countries with the number of nuclear weapons in them, behind the United States and Russia and more than other countries.
France's nuclear forces currently have two components: air and sea. There was a ground unit with 18 medium-range missiles stored in warehouses in the south of the country; the section exists from 1971 to 1996 [3]. Like many nuclear powers, France initially used bombers to carry its warships, the Dassault Mirage IV, which was introduced in 1964 and can carry a single AN nuclear bomb. -11/22 with a payload of about 60 kilotons. In January 1972. a French ballistic missile submarine
The French government initially had high hopes for nuclear-powered submarines (SSBNs), but the plan to develop and build these sophisticated systems you ended up being too late. Yet the fact that in the 1960s-1970s France was able to develop SSBNs and their accompanying missiles (SLBMs) and only the third country in the world to do this, not for long. long. after the two great powers of the time had many resources [4]. China has just built its first SSBN series in the 21st century (the Type 094 submarine began its first anti-nuclear patrol in December 2015), while India test its first ship.
French President Jacques Chirac (r) And Captain Goalou (l) Visit 'the Vigilant' Nuclear Submarine, On January 19, 2006 At L'ile Longue Military Base, In Northwestern Region Of Brittany. Chirac For The First
France's nuclear forces currently have two components: air and sea. There was a piece of land.
The French Strategic Nuclear Forces currently have Rafale B fighter jets, which replaced the Mirage 2000N in 2018 and are equipped with ASMP-A supersonic cruise missiles (54 supersonic thermonuclear warheads with a range of at km 5. the estimated amount of the reward is about 300 kilograms, some of which were used during the tests). Unlike previous generations of fighters, Rafale aircraft were not directly modified to carry nuclear weapons; instead Air Force personnel receive special training to use them.
) has "selection rights" to Air Supply Group 2/91 Bretagne, a combined force of 14 American Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers, which as of 2018 are being replaced by the European-made Airbus A330 MRTT.
. The second A330 MRTT was delivered at the end of 2019. The first contract for 12 aircraft is scheduled for completion in 2023; three more ships can be commissioned. Tank planes are useful for delivering long-range attacks, as Rafales are still fighters and not long-range bombers.
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) with its ground-based nuclear air unit since the late 1970s. Currently, FANU has aircraft carriers, mainly Rafale M single-seat aircraft capable of carrying ASMP-A missiles. Unlike special ground forces that are ready at a moment's notice, FAN is deployed on an as-needed basis, and all naval forces are trained in nuclear weapons. The only plane of the French plane R91
Does not permanently carry the ASMP-A and missiles are stored in the Air Force's peacetime battlefields; however, installing an aircraft carrier as part of a country's Nuclear War Strategy is a surprising step in itself. Nuclear weapons were removed from all US aircraft carriers in mid-1992 and the current F/A-18E/F and F-35C aircraft are not designed for such purposes [5].
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