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Composite armor; front and side armor laminated; front, side and rear top armor Erawa-1/Erawa-2 ERA, anti-cumulative scream in the steel side
Pt 91 Tanks
The PT-91 Twardy (Polish pronunciation: [ˈtfar.dɨ], Glish: Tough) is a Polish main battle tank. A development of the T-72M1, it entered service in 1995. The PT-91 was designed at OBRUM (Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Urządzeń Mechanicznych, or Research and Developmt Ctre for Mechanical Appliances) and manufactured by the Bumar Łabędy company,
Polish Pt 91 \
A Polish technical military consortium. Changes from the T-72M include a new dual-axis stabilized fire control system, reactive armor, a more powerful engine, transmission and new automatic loader.
Unlike many other T-72 upgrades, the PT-91s of the Polish Army contain elements created almost entirely by domestic companies, including the new engines, fire control system and all communication system elements. Many of the elements were used to upgrade existing fleets of T-72 tanks in countries including the Czech Republic (T-72M4 CZ), Georgia (T-72SIM-1) and India (T-72 Ajeya Mk. 2). A total of 232 PT-91 tanks were delivered to the Polish ground forces: 92 newly built vehicles and 140 refurbished T-72A and T-72M1 tanks, PT-91M1 and PT-91MA1 respectively.
In the late 1980s, the Polish Army modernized all its aging T-55 tanks to the T-55AM Mérida standard. The successful conversion convinced the Geral staff that similar modernization programs could be applied to other Soviet-designed tanks manufactured in Poland and used by the Polish Armed Forces. At the end of 1988, the decision was made to prepare the modernization of the T-72M1, using experience gained in the production of licensed T-72M (object 172M-E3 - Polish army designation T-72), T-72M1 ( object 172M-E5) and T-72M1K (Polish Army designation T-72M1D).
The Gliwice-based OBRUM, Mechanical Systems Research and Development Department (Polish: Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Urządzeń Mechanicznych) was chosen as the lead design agency. Initially, however, work progressed very slowly, primarily because the Polish Geral Staff was also considering purchasing a newer version of the T-72 (T-72S) or the modern T-80.
Potd: Battle Tank Madness The Firearm Blog
After the political upheaval of 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet bloc, Polish-Soviet negotiations on the purchase of modern tanks stalled, and support for the design of a new Polish tank waned. The first design proposed by the agency was codenamed Wilk (Polish for wolf), but the project was cancelled. Instead, priority was shifted to another project called Twardy.
The basic purpose of the T-72 conversion was to adapt it to the reality of modern warfare and correct its most visible shortcomings. Among them were low mobility, insufficient armor, lack of a fire control system and poor stabilization of the main gun, which led to poor shooting accuracy. A further problem was the lack of passive sighting systems for night vision.
From July 1991, T-72 modernization programs were implemented by the Bumar-Labedy factory, which produced T-72s under Soviet license. The modernized main battle tank was designated the PT-91 Twardy. Bumar-Labedy delivered the tank's armor protection, fire control system and engine. In 1993, the Polish Ministry of Defense ordered 20 PT-91 tanks to be used for field trials and armed forces testing.
The new ERAWA [pl] dynamic armor, developed by Poland's Military-Technical Institute, increased the main battle tank's protection against high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) projectiles and missiles. The protection consisted of 394 tiles with explosives that would explode in the event of a direct hit. The tiles span over 9 m
Cardboard Model Of The Pt 91 Twardy Tank
Of the tank: 108 are located on the turret, 118 on the hull and 84 on each side anti-HEAT scratches. The Twardy uses steel anti-HEAT strips instead of the rubber ones used on the T-72.
The ERAWA tiles fit together with almost no gaps, unlike the gaps on the modernized Soviet T-72, which measure up to 10–15 mm, noticeably reducing their defensive effectiveness. There are two ERAWA modifications: ERAWA-1 and -2, which differ in the weight of the explosive. Experiments have shown that the dynamic ERAWA defense reduces the high-explosive beam impact depth by 50-70% and that of petrator projectiles (APFSDS) by 30-40%. Furthermore, ERAWA's explosive containers do not detonate when struck by a round of up to 30 mm caliber or by shells or mine fragments, or when covered by burning napalm or gasoline.
The Twardy is armed with the same 2A46 125 mm smoothbore gun used in the T-72, equipped with an automatic reloading mechanism that reduces the tank crew by one as it replaces the gun loader and provides a rate of fire of 8 to 10 . rounds per minute. Additional armament consists of the 7.62 mm PKT coaxial general purpose machine gun and 12.7 mm NSVT anti-aircraft heavy machine gun. The PT-91 has a thermal smoke device that releases smoke strips from fuel, and has 24 launchers equipped with smoke, anti-personnel frag or tear gas qualities specially designed to provide non-lethal protection.
The modernization of the fire control system began with the replacement of the older Soviet 2Є28M two-level stabilizer with a new stabilizer developed in Slovakia. The system has an electronic information block that indicates the technical condition of the tank. In addition, it informs the vessel commander when the observed fire becomes ineffective due to excessive travel speed or other reasons.
File:pt 91 Twardy Ntw 5 93 2.jpg
The Drawa (uzbrojie) [pl] fire control system, developed by Polish engineers, incorporates the PCD gunner's day sight and the TES thermovision night sight developed by the Israeli company El-Op, the POD-72 commander's combined day-night passive observation and aiming sight, a ballistic computer , a laser range finder and a data system that processes information for the ballistic computer. The observation of the ballistic computer depends on the speed of the target, weather conditions, projectile temperature and projectile type.
The driver uses the US-DK-1 control and diagnostic complex to control the tank's main systems, which display information on a screen. The driver's night vision was replaced by Radomka passive night vision.
The increased weight of the modernized tank led the developers to add a more powerful engine: a 12-cylinder S-12U diesel engine (a modernized version of the Soviet V-46-6) produced in Warsaw by PZL-Wola produces 850 hp instead of 780 .The most important improvement is the modernized fuel and air injection system. However, this resulted in a noticeable decrease in the life of the tank. The latest Twardy variants have the 1,000 hp turbocharged S-1000 engine.
Production variant for the Polish Army, a heavily modernized development of the T-72M1. Most are equipped with a SKO-1M Drawa-1T dual-axis stabilized fire control system (with TES – Thermal Elbow Sight; the total number of delivered thermal sights is 202
Decontamination Of A Polish Pt 91 Twardy Mbt
) although some early production vehicles have a SKO-1 Drawa (with NW sight), Erawa reactive armor, a PCO SSC-1 Obra-1 laser warning system and 850 hp PZL-Wola S-12U engine.
The first 20 first production vehicles were delivered to the Polish ground forces in 1993-1994. Another 78 full-scale production vehicles were delivered 1995-1997, 135 modernized T-72M1 tanks (produced in the late 80s) were delivered between 1998 and 2002. Both new and modernized tanks have the same combat capability.
Developed variant with a PZL-Wola S-1000 1,000 hp engine with mechanical transmission and a number of other minor changes. Used for experiments and as a demonstrator at military exhibitions.
(Z for Zmodernizowany – literally modernized) Further developed with a SAGEM Savan-15 fire control system. In live fire tests, the Savan-15 has a slight advantage in accuracy over the Drawa.
Ukraine Received Polish Pt 91 Twardy Tanks
The main advantage is a new gun stabilization system that provides a significant increase in accuracy when the tank is on the move. Later it was used as a basis for developing the PT-91M. This variant won a series of stress tests in Malaysia over the T-90, T-84 and K1 tanks and won the competition for a new Malaysian MBT. Only one prototype was made.
(M for Malaysia) Production export variant for Malaysia with a Sagem Savan-15 fire control system, a new 1,000 hp power pack and an Rk automatic transmission, bringing the top speed up to 70 km/h. Its main gun was changed to a ZTS 2A46MS 125 mm gun along with a 7.62 mm FN MAG coaxial machine gun and a 12.7 mm FN Browning M2 HB AA machine gun. This variant is equipped with a Sagem panoramic sight, a Sagem laser gyro-inertial navigation system, turret stabilization system, Obra-3 laser warning system and is integrated with 81mm smoke launchers, CBRN warning and protection system and Thales communication system. It also has ERAWA 2 Explosive Reactive Armor and German-made tank tracks (Diehl Defce). Two prototypes were made (named PT-91E and PT-91Ex), 48 series PT-91M Malay vehicles were produced from 2007-2009.
(E for Export) Framed prototypes of the PT-91M used as demonstrations of the export variant shown at military exhibitions. The PT-91E is a first prototype, originally called the SP1 (this is the same vehicle that was shown at a military parade in Kuala Lumpur in 2005). PT-91Ex is the second prototype, called SP2.
Both vehicles faced a series of tests in Malaysia. The SP1 was used for traction testing and drove 7,000 km in the field in Malaysia. The SP2 reached 2,000 km with 500 shots from the main gun.
Polski Czołg Pt 91 Twardy Już W Ukrainie. Wyjaśniamy, Co Potrafi Ten Pojazd Pancerny
(P for Peru) PT-91P is a demonstrator for the SITDEF Peru 2009 military exhibition, a cheaper alternative
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